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In 1903, the mathematics teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky secondary education (1857-1935) published ( “The exploration of outer space by methods of reaction”), the first serious scientific work that was spaceflight. The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation-the principle that governs rocket propulsion-is named in his honor. His work was particularly unknown outside the Soviet Union, where he inspired extensive research, experimentation, and training Cosmonautics Society. His work was republished in 1920 in response to Russian interest in the work of Robert Goddard.Among other ideas, Tsiolkovsky accurately proposed the use of liquid oxygen and hydrogen as an excellent engine torque, determined the structure should be built and designed the way it should be the rockets to increase the efficiency of mass and thus increase range. The first rockets were very inefficient due to the amount of energy and heat that was discarded in the exhaust. Modern rockets were born later, after receiving a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, Robert Goddard joined by a supersonic nozzle (Laval nozzle) to the combustion chamber of the rocket motor. That turned the hot gas nozzle of the combustion chamber at a hypersonic gas propellant (jet), more than doubling the thrust and greatly increasing efficiency. In 1923 Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) published Die Rakete zu den Planetenr umen ( “The Rocket into Planetary Space”), a version of his dissertation, after the University of Munich rejected it.This book is cred with being the first serious scientific work on the subject that has received international attention. During the 1920s a large number of organizations researching on the rockets appeared in the United States, Austria, England, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Germany and Russia. In the mid-20s, German scientists had begun experimenting with rockets which used liquid propellants capable of a great distance and high altitude. A team of amateur rocket engineers had formed the Verein f r Raumschiffahrt (German Rocket Society, or VFR) in 1927, and in 1931 launched a liquid-propellant rocket (using oxygen and gasoline). From 1931 to 1937 the most extensive scientific work on rocket engine design occurred in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) in the gas dynamic laboratory. Subsidized goods and a good number of staff, was created more than 100 experimental engines under the direction of Valentin Glushko.The work involved regeneration cooling, hypergolic ignition and fuel injector designs that included internal mixers mixers and injectors supplying secondary propellants. The work was curtailed by Glushko’s arrest during Stalinist purges of 1938. A similar but less extensive work being undertaken by the Austrian professor Eugen S nger. In 1932, the Reichswehr (which in 1935 became the Wehrmacht) began to show interest in rockets. Military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles limited Germany’s access to long-range weapons. Seeing the possibility of using rockets and artillery, the Wehrmacht initially subsidized the team VfR but since they were only focused on the scientific side, he created his own research team, with Hermann Oberth as a senior member.At the behest of military leaders, Wernher von Braun, at the time a young aspiring rocket scientist in the field, joined the military (followed by two ex-members of the team VfR) and developed long-range weapons for use in World War II by Nazi Germany, notably the A-series rockets, which led to the V-2 rocket (initially called A4). In 1943 began production of V-2 rockets. The V-2 represented a greater step forward in the history of rockets. The V-2 had a range of 300 km and carried a warhead of 1,000 kg amatol. The rocket differs only in painstaking detail of modern rockets, bombs had turbines, inertial guidance and other capabilities. Thousands of them were launched against the allied nations, notably England and France and Belgium. Since there could be intercepted, the design of its guidance system and its conventional warhead of the V-2 made a weapon insufficiently accurate against military targets.In Britain 2,754 people died and 6523 were injured before the season was over pitches. Although the V-2 did not significantly affect the course of the war, provided a demonstration of the potential lethality of guided weapons. At the end of the Second World War, the Russian military and scientific equipment, the British and the Americans raced to capture technology and personnel of the German rocket program at Peenem nde.

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